Gold mining in the granite-gneiss terrain south and east of Kadoma has continued without interruption. since the turn of the century and has given rise to numerous profitable small-workings as ...

Contact Reef. The gold is generally concentrated in palaeochannels situated on the terraces. The slopes contain very minor amounts of gold and are therefore suitable areas to be left as support pillars when mining. When Borehole radar is applied in a borehole that is parallel or sub-parallel to the reef horizon, it can map a single

2 – 4 m wide. Inter-pillar spans vary between 20 – 35 m. An off-reef haulage links to the reef horizon via a cross-cut and travelling way. Figure 1.2: Example of an in-stope pillar layout (plan view) for narrow tabular reef mining. The diagram indicates a down-dip split-panel layout as used in the trial mining section on Lonmin

Observations by the author have noted that on some narrow, tabular gold mines, the geology blocks (typically 15 by 30 meter in size) are significantly smaller than the smallest mining block that ...

layer or the reef, the bed of quartz pebbles exploited by gold mines in South Africa). It is a caving method particularly well adapted to relatively flat-lying, thin, plan ar deposits or ...

3 Underground observations and measurements in a UG2 stope. A particular mining layout was studied at a platinum mine as anomalously high roof to floor deformations were observed in one of the panels. The layout is shown in Figure 1. The upper Merensky reef was partially extracted and mining commenced on the lower UG2 reef horizon.

Bore-and-fill mining was implemented at a pilot site in Tau Tona mine's shaft pillar on 97 level. Observations, scan data, and measurements from this site were used to calibrate an inelastic ...

Synopsis. The introduction of Extra Low Profile (XLP) mechanised equipment within Anglo Platinum is aligned with the overall New Mining Technologies strategy to focus on continuing modernization of our mining operations` to achieve injury free sustainable production and cost effective mining technologies. The method allows for the …

The Merensky Reef hosts one of the largest PGE resources globally. It has been exploited for nearly 100 years, yet its origin remains unresolved. In the present study, we characterised eight samples of the reef at four localities in the western Bushveld Complex using micro-X-ray fluorescence and field emission scanning electron microscopy.

A compound of two or more metals, usually produced by fusion. BULLION. Raw gold that is reduced to nearly pure form ready to be shipped to the mint to be cast into bars or ingots for easy storage and shipping. CONCENTRATE. A product that contains the valuable material after all the waste has been eliminated. CUT OFF.

Both dikes and sills are forms of magmatic intrusion: Dikes will crosscut existing strata while sills are concordant with existing strata. An easy heuristic is that sills are like window sills, flat lying, while dikes are …

Seismic risk in the deep gold mines of South Africa has been studied for many decades. A clear understanding of the effect of geotechnical conditions on the seismic hazard nevertheless remains elusive. Certain reef types seem to be associated with a higher risk of rockbursts. The stability and deformation behaviour of excavations on the different reef …

An in-depth study of these parameters with a view to establish effective narrow- reef platinum mining pillar design systems needs to be undertaken. Discover the world's research 25+ million …

9,814. employees and contractors. Driefontein was one of the assets acquired when Gold Fields unbundled its South African operations in February 2013. Mining operations have been carried out in the Far West Rand goldfields since the late 19th century and at Driefontein since the 1930s. At 31 December 2023, Driefontein had …

Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 13. Characteristics of R & P method in non-coal applications : this method withdraws ore rooms (stopes) that remain open. during mining ...

The study investigated the role of small-scale gold mining in promoting sustainable livelihoods among local communities in Kadoma District of Zimbabwe. The sustainability of small-scale gold mining is a contentious issue given the level of environmental degradation and the disruption of social relations taking place in the district.

Seismic risk in the deep gold mines of South Africa has been studied for many decades. A clear understanding of the effect of geotechnical conditions on the seismic hazard nevertheless remains elusive. Certain reef types seem to be associated with a higher risk of rockbursts.

Mechanization in stoping narrow tabular orebodies Initial practice at Northam Due to the geological structure of the Platiniferous reefs in the Northam lease area, a scattered mining approach was selected with breast mining layout for the stoping panels. Typical panel length is in the region of 25 metres. The geothermal gradient of the Bushveld ...

Historically the mining of hard rock narrow tabular reef bodies has been carried out by employing conventional stoping methodologies which rely on ledging as one of the initial operations. The reef is accessed by way of shafts, inclined accesses or addits, and tunnels are then driven (mainly in the footwall) to access the reef.

Vieira (2004) argues that an optimal overall strategy of mining requires mine layouts with more 'flexible' geometries that offer a higher degree of operational flexibility. Kazakidis and Scoble (2003, p. 34) emphasized the importance of flexibility in mine plans because 'the ultimate level of profitability of a mining project is enhanced ...

Typically, narrow tabular gold mines have raise lengths of approximately 200 meters with strike spacing between. the raises of 150 meters. The n arrow, tabular ore bodies are mined using conve ...

Miniveyor's Continuous and Flexible Haulage Solution in ASGs and for Narrow Reef (Tabular) Exploitation By Miniveyor Products. Miniveyor's Advanced Strike Gulley (ASG) material handling initiative is set to prove a (new) improved mining exploitation system and move towards providing a solution to the real socio-economic challenges facing the ...

Longwall mining method: this method is suitable for mining bedding deposit with a dip less than 35°, 3-4 m thickness and poor roof. The advantages of this method are simple layout, high labour productivity, good stope ventilation and low dilution and loss. The ore recovery is typically high, reaching up to 80-95%.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the mining strategy for steep reefs at Mine A mine in 2005 and 2006. Reefs steeper than 35° were discovered when production commenced at the mine ...

Tabular deposits Flat - <350 dip Wide Reef – Bord and Pillar, Drift and fill Advantages: • Mechanization • Total extraction can be achieved Disadvantages: • Economies of scale – lower value ore • Ore oxidation, groundwater control

Conventional mining is, and has been, used widely in the extraction of shallow-dipping, narrow tabular reefs in the gold, platinum, and chromitite sectors in the South African mining industry (York, 1999; Ryder and Jager, 2002; Egerton, 2004). In the platinum mining sector, this fact is supported by Figures 3 and 4, which indicate that conven-

Surface mining methods can be categorized into two broad groups based on the method of extraction: Mechanical extraction methods employ mechanical processes in a relatively dry environment to mine minerals from the Earth's crust. In contrast, aqueous methods involve water, or occasionally other liquids, to extract minerals.

Gold Reef City's Heritage Tour offers unique insight into the historical world of Johannesburg's gold rush. This interactive history lesson brings to life the founding of Johannesburg and the discovery of gold on the reef – it doesn't get more real than descending 75 meters underground to discover the riches of South Africa's history ...

Suppose that the rock bulking can be expressed as a function of the distance to the mining face or as a function of the elastic convergence D z.For the second option, assume that the observed convergence, D z o b s, is given by (1) D z o b s = B f D z where B f is a specified bulking factor. This is illustrated schematically in Fig. 3 where the …

Falls of Ground is one of the highest causes of incidents, accidents and fatal injuries. These falls of ground may occur as soon as the face is exposed after blasting or after machine cutting. The falls of ground can also occur after support has been installed. There are many reasons why these falls occur before and after supporting of the face ...