For rotary kiln, the exergy gained is determined as exergy flows of evaporation and laterite ores calcined since the purpose is dehydration and pre-reduction for semi-dry laterite ores. Moreover, the exergy gained of electric furnace is considered as reduction and melting of ferronickel. 4. Results and discussion.

The primary pyrometallurgical route to produce ferronickel from laterite nickel ores is the Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RKEF) process.

The rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) process is the one of the most widely adopted technological processes for ferronickel smelting production due to the advantages of yielding high grade ...

Email to a Friend. Since the 1950's, production of ferronickel from laterites has predominantly been achieved using the Rotary Kiln -Electric Furnace (RKEF) process. The productivities of kilns and furnaces have increased steadily over the years and metallurgical smelters can now rely on a smaller number of high-powered, reliable units …

The production of ferronickel from laterite nickel ores is mainly carried out via the Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RKEF) process [3,4].

At the end of the Lepol Grate, the pellets 'fall' into the rotary-kiln. There are two rotary-kilns in Euronickel Industries. The rotary-kiln is a type of furnace which rotates slowly around its axis. Due to its small inclination, at each turn (rotation) of the kiln, the pellets move forward towards the outlet of the kiln. The length of the rotary kilns is 75m, and it …

25 rowsFerronickel. The rotary kiln and electric furnace process has long been the most commonly employed method of recovering nickel from saprolitic laterite ores. …

Ferronickel alloys as a nickel source for high alloy steels such as stainless steels are produced from garnierite ores by means of a rotary kiln. That is basically modification of Krupp–Renn process by which clinkers, that are mixtures of ferronickel alloy particles and partially melted slag, can be extracted. It is necessary to have exact …

Among these methods, the rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) process has the advantages of yielding high nickel/iron grade from crude ferronickel products, less …

The rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) process is currently the mainstream technique for ferronickel production worldwide, especially in China, because it has many merits such as mature ...

The production of ferronickel by the rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) process is a rapidly developing nickel laterite ore treatment process. Because the RKEF process technology is mature and reliable, and the project investment risk is low, it is widely used in nickel smelting plants around the world. The main processes of this process include …

Two-thirds of the global nickel output can be attributed to the rotary kiln-electric furnace process. Due to the high contents of MgO and SiO 2 in laterite, a high temperature (∼1600 °C) and corresponding energy (approximately 14 GJ/t-ferronickel) are required during the electric furnace smelting.

Laterite nickel rotary kiln is the main equipment for ferronickel production after calcination and smelting of laterite nickel ore. The nickel laterite ore rotary kiln can produce nickel iron by direct reduction …

Among these methods, the rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) process has the advantages of yielding high nickel/iron grade from crude ferronickel products, less harmful elements, raw materials with strong adaptability, high production efficiency and mature process.

The ferronickel is produced in the form of small ingots or water-granulated 'beans' that are convenient for adding to alloy-making furnaces. The smelting of laterite ores to produce ferronickel is based on two principles. The first principle is that nickel and iron oxides are easily reduced to metallic nickel and iron.

Rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) process is the main ferronickel production method, which is estimated to have accounted for the production of approximately 15 million tons of ferronickel in 2020, which is two-thirds of the annual nickel output. 15 More importantly, China and Indonesia contributed nearly 12 million tons of …

Ferronickel is irreplaceable in modern infrastructure construction because of its use in stainless steel production. This study explored the cost-combined environmental impacts of ferronickel production in China which is the largest producer and consumer of ferronickel in the world.

Ferronickel alloys as a nickel source for high alloy steels such as stainless steels are produced from garnierite ores by means of a rotary kiln.

Rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) process is the main technology to deal with nickel laterite for the ferronickel alloy production in the world. However, this process needs huge amount of electric…

Rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) process is the main ferronickel production method, which is estimated to have accounted for the production of …

Improving the rotary kiln-electric furnace process for ferronickel production: Data analytics-based assessment of dust insufflation into the rotary kiln flame

Most nickel is produced as the metal, but about a third of the world's new nickel is ferronickel. World annual production of ferronickel is around 250,000 tonnes, with the two largest producers being BHP Billiton and Société Le Nickel (Cartman, 2010). Most of the world's accessible nickel reserves are oxidic ores called "laterite" (Sudol, 2005), and …

Ferronickel alloys as a nickel source for high alloy steels such as stainless steels are produced from garnierite ores by means of a rotary kiln. That is basically modification of Krupp–Renn process by which clinkers, that are mixtures of ferronickel alloy particles and partially melted slag, can be extracted. It is necessary to have exact knowledge of how …

In the past, off-gas generated during smelting and reduction of ferronickel ores in electric furnaces used to be released into the atmosphere. By utilizing this off-gas as a heat source for the rotary dryer, Kawasaki achieved highly efficient heat recovery, reduction of environmental impact and increased productivity.

The RKEF process, which includes calcination and pre-reduction at 800–1000 °C for 4–6 h in a rotary kiln, followed by smelting at 1550–1600 °C for 2–3 h in an electric arc furnace for separating ferronickel from the slag, is characterized by intensive energy consumption.

In the form of a ferronickel alloy, (Fe-Ni), with 20–40% Ni, by the rotary kiln-electric furnace (R/K-E/F) method.

The Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace process is a widely recognized pyrometallurgical route for ferronickel production. This paper focuses on the rotary kiln furnace, an intermediate stage i...

Ferronickel is essential in manufacturing austenitic stainless steels, nickel alloy steels, batteries, electronics, and gas turbines, among other crucial products. The …

The sampling of raw materials in the rotary kiln out of operation, firing experiment by the experimental kiln, and water quenching experiment have been performed, and the clarification of behavior of the reduction and growth of met- al have been attempted by SEM-EDS analysis.

This book introduces the most inspiring progress in the production of ferronickel from laterite ores, from both theoretical and technological perspectives. Based on a detailed overview of nickel utilization from laterite ores, it provides the advances of four main methods for laterite ore processing, including the solid-sate reduction-magnetic …