With both nickel and cobalt featuring heavily in modern industry, there is an ongoing and intense interest in ore supplies and processing, applications development, and recycling. ... Processing of PGM Containing Ni/Cu Bulk Concentrates in a Sustainable Way by Outotec Direct Nickel Flash Smelting Process (Pages: 325-334) Satu Jyrkonen; …

Copper flash smelting, Mitsubishi copper smelting, Noranda copper smelting, nickel flash smelting, nickel direct high-grade matte smelting process, and QSL lead smelting have been simulated ...

The Flash Smelting technique was developed initially for the copper sulphide concentrates but adopted shortly thereafter for nickel, iron and lead sulphide concentrates [4-5] which brought additional dimensions to the process chemistry. Altogether 58 flash smelting furnaces have been built so far, including the

They reported an increase in nickel and copper recovery by 49.6 and 43.6% relative to flotation recovery of the raw slag. Recovery of iron from nickel flash smelting (FS) slag at a nickel smelter in China, using direct reduction-magnetic separation process, has been investigated by Wang et al. . In their study, calcium carbide slag was the ...

Direct Outotec Nickel (DON) Smelting. It is developed by Outotec Oyj of Finland and refers to producing high-grade nickel matte directly (without an individual converting process) by smelting nickel or nickel-copper mixed concentrate in Outotec flash furnace. This process has been applied in smelteries in Finland and Brazil.

During the recovery of base metals from the Bushveld Igneous Complex ores, South Africa, a two-stage process is used to ensure complete recovery of nickel from the ore. A nickel flash smelting furnace is initially used to obtain the valuable metal but the loss of nickel in the slag amounts to about 4 % and thus an electric slag-cleaning …

Get continuous production of high-grade nickel matte with low iron content with 's Outotec process for Direct Nickel Flash Smelting. Contact our sales experts. When coupled with our slag cleaning process, nickel smelting is straightforward, cost effective, and does not require ladles or complex plant layouts. Offers raw material flexibility.

Direct-to-blister smelting of copper concentrates: The slag fluxing chemistry. Miner Proc Extr Metall. 120(4):240–246 ... Koh P, Kemori N. 1998. Evaluation of nickel flash smelting through Piloting and simulation. Metall Mater Trans B. 29(6):1329–1343. Google Scholar. Varnas S, Truelove J. 1995. Simulating radiative transfer in flash ...

The lowest contents of nickel, cobalt and copper in the slag were 71 ppm, 0.06 wt.-% and 0.28 wt.-% respectively in the best case. Download scientific diagram | A simplified flowchart of nickel ...

Using nickel flash smelting technology it is possible to process sulfide nickel concentrate and produce nickel matte and slag in a relatively efficient process. Any materials resulting as smelting and converting slags are recirculated in the electric furnace and recovered where possible as nickel matte. Nickel (Ni) is a silvery-white, hard metal.

The fundamental feature of the flash smelting process is its capability to utilise the combustion energy of sulphidic raw materials, by conducting a carefully controlled roasting and subsequent smelting in a single furnace. Its furnace and equipment design is implemented so that the reaction enthalpy released in the suspension oxidation is fully …

The modified nickel slags containing 5–11 wt% MgO own appropriate viscosity are less than 0.091 Pa s, which can well match the nickel flash matte smelting at about 1400 °C. However, the melting temperature of slag containing 11 wt% MgO is only 80 °C lower than the smelting temperature, which may lead to control difficulties in the …

Copper flash smelting, Mitsubishi copper smelting, Noranda copper smelting, nickel flash smelting, direct high-grade matte smelting process, QSL lead smelting, KIVCET lead smelting, Outokumpu ...

Oxygen-activity measurements and sampling for chemical assay were carried out in a nickel flash smelting furnace and slag-cleaning electric furnace during industrial operation. In the primary Direct Outokumpu Nickel (DON) smelting furnace, which produces high-grade nickel matte, the oxygen activity and chemical compositions of the …

Abstract1999 marked the 50th anniversary of the Outokumpu flash-smelting process. Originating during the post-World War II energy crisis, flash smelting is a high-intensity process developed to attain ever-increasing throughputs and intensities. Many innovations and continuous development ensued during the next 50 years before today's state-of …

A thermodynamic model has been developed to predict the distribution behavior of Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, S, As, Sb, and Bi in the Outokumpu flash-smelting process, the Outokumpu direct high-grade matte smelting process, and the INCO flash-smelting process. In this model, as many as 16 elements (Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, As, Sb, Bi, S, O, Al, Ca, Mg, Si, N, C, and H) …

The low-grade nickel matte produced by flash smelting and bath smelting needs further converting to produce the high-grade nickel matte to meet the treatment requirements of refining process. ... State of the art in nickel smelting: direct Outokumpu nickel technology. Miner Process Extr Metall 117(2):86–94. Google Scholar …

There are two stages in the Outokumpu flash smelting process: the oxidation reaction of copper concentrate with SiO 2 and oxidizing gas (e.g., oxygen-enriched air) in the reaction shaft [5] and ...

Nickel laterite smelting was the subject of another paper published in the April 2006 issue of JOM. The reader is referred to the latter paper for general information on the survey. ... "Direct Outokumpu Nickel Flash Smelting Process (DON)—High Metal Recoveries with Minimum Emissions," Nickel-Cobalt 97, Vol. III, Pyrometallurgical ...

This study aimed to increase the recovery efficiency of nickel metal and reduce smelting energy consumption by analyzing the effect of adding B2O3 on the melting characteristics of nickel flash melting slag and the separation of slag and matte. In particular, thermodynamic analysis and high-temperature experimental investigations …

The present invention discloses a flash smelting method for laterite-nickel ore, comprising: smelting laterite-nickel ore powder in a laterite-nickel ore smelting furnace in a reducing atmosphere to obtain alloys containing nickel-cobalt and iron and smelting slag, wherein the laterite nickel ore smelting furnace includes a vertical …

A recent survey of worldwide nickel sulfide smelters [3] revealed that flash smelting accounted for approximately 70% of output of the nickel sulfide smelters in 2004 with electric furnace smelting ... The direct nickel ISASMELT™ process is similar to the Direct Outokumpu Nickel (DON) process where the metal values in the smelting slag are ...

Features of Outotec flash smelting technology: (1) High copper matte grade (matte converting by P-S converter: 60–65%; flash converting: 68–74%). (2) High feed volume. The copper production capacity of 1 flash furnace of the Saganoseki Smelter in Japan reached 450 KTA in 2000.

Figure 1-Flow diagram of the Direct Outotec Nickel Flash Smelting Process. The concentrate and flux are dried (typically by utilizing the steam produced by the process itself) before feeding to the flash smelting furnace. This energy is saved in the furnace operations and also results in smaller off-gas streams.

Along with actual evolution in the processing equipment, the basic metallurgy has been under careful evaluation and development. In spite of many favourable features of iron silicate slags, they become problematic in the direct-to-blister copper smelting environments, at oxygen partial pressures higher than in matte smelting.

ABSTRACT Improving metal–slag separation in pyrometallurgical processes is increasingly important. Due to the harsh conditions, direct observations of the molten phases behavior in the settler of the Outotec Flash Smelting Furnace (FSF) are not possible and the ways to improve metal settling can only be studied by simulation and modeling. This study …

Flash smelti ng and flash convert ing are mature tech nologies in co pper and nickel sulfi de smelting. The sensitiv ity of operatio n concerni ng the furnace de sign is evident . It is obvious ...

Keywords: laterite; smelting; RKEF process; low-grade ferro-nickel 1. Introduction According to a review published by Diaz et al., oxide-type nickel ores accounted for 64% of land-based nickel ores, but more than 60% of nickel production was based on the matte smelting of sulfide ores in 1988 [1].

Ensure your smelting process offers the best in energy efficiency. 's Outotec process for Flash Smelting is the cleanest smelting method available. It gives you high recovery of metals with low investment and operating costs. Gives you high recovery of copper, nickel, and other valuable metals. Requires low investment and operating costs.

Nickel flash smelting furnaces are either Outotec's (Figure 2.2.9a) or Inco's design (Figure 2.2.9b) [1, 31]. Outotec flash smelting oxidizes its concentrate by mixing dried concentrate and flux with oxygen-enriched air and blowing the mixture downward into a …