Direct-reduced iron (DRI), also called sponge iron, is produced from direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets or fines) by a reducing gas produced from natural gas or coal. The reducing gas is a mixture majority of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) which acts as reducing agent. This process of directly reducing the iron ...

Direct Reduction Ironmaking. It is the non-coke ironmaking process in which a gaseous, liquid, or solid reductant is used to reduce the iron ore into metallic iron in a temperature less than the ore softening temperature. The product is direct reduction iron which is an ideal raw material for producing high-quality steel and clean steel.

A Direct Reduced Iron plant is a furnace that produces Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), also referred to as sponge iron due to its porous nature. The process can also produce Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI). The iron can then be used to produce steel via other production routes, such as the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF). The process uses iron ore …

The Coal-Ore-Direct-Iron-Reduction (Codir) process combines features of the Waelz Kiln and the Krupp–Renn process [52]. The Krupp–Renn is an iron ore reduction process designed for low-grade ores that at one time had over 40 commercial installations, but high energy costs and availability of higher-grade ores led to the …

The FINMET process produces direct reduced iron (DRI) by reacting fine iron ore with reformed natural gas in a series of fluid bed reactors and then hot briquetting this DRI into dense, high ...

Carbon reduction of iron oxide is a process of capturing oxygen atoms in iron oxide. It is considered that only CO is produced in the reduction process, so the amount of reducing agent can be measured by the atomic ratio of C to O, that is, C/O. When the carbon content C/O 1, it means that the carbon content can. =.

With the aim of reducing CO 2 emissions in basic industries, the sector of iron and steel metallurgy is also faced with the question of how carbon can be replaced in ore reduction. By means of in-situ observation, this study investigates the direct reduction (DR) of individual iron ore pellets under an atmosphere of hydrogen (H 2) and carbon …

The metallic iron in this process is produced by the reduction of iron oxide below the fusion temperature of iron ore (1535 deg C) by utilizing carbonaceous material present in the non-coking coal. As the iron ore is in direct contact with the reducing agent throughout the reduction process, it is often termed as direct reduced iron (DRI).

New, green technologies will increase the use of DRI. Direct reduced iron (DRI) accounts for 5 percent of the metallics used in the steelmaking process globally (Exhibit 1). It is currently used less commonly than pig iron or steel scrap. Traditionally, DRI is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore using natural gas, but emerging …

In response, recognizing that a proactive approach could give them a competitive advantage, leading steel players are setting their own emissions reduction targets and formulating strategies for reaching them. Three main pathways exist for incumbent players to decarbonize steel production. (See Exhibit 1.) Direct-Reduced …

of directly reduced iron per year. The module at the left is under con­ struction; its capacity will be 650,000 tons per year. The plant em­ ploys the Midrex direct-reduction process, in which a charge of lumps of iron ore and pellets of iron oxide is loaded into the shaft through the conveyor and then descends through a stream of hot ...

A new process (direct reduction and flash smelting separation (FSS)) of treating high phosphorus iron ore (HPIO) is introduced in this paper. By limiting the smelting separation between slag and iron to the level of about 1 s, the reduction and migration process of P element was restrained, and the content of P element in the …

The reduction process takes place in the reduction tower. A tower is the heart of the plant. The direct reduction process is a complex process, which, explained in simple terms, consists of the following steps: Raw material iron ore pellets: Iron ore pellets – the raw material – are fed into the reactor; Natural gas is converted into ...

In Fig. 1, we show the design of the hydrogen direct reduction (H-DR) process on which the developed chemical process model presented later on in this chapter is based. Iron ore is pre-heated and fed into a reduction shaft, where it is converted to direct reduced iron (DRI) and further compacted to hot briquetted iron (HBI).

In the direct reduction process, the reducing agent converts the iron ore to elemental iron directly. The final product is directly reduced iron (DRI) including matrix elements from the ore. Typical feed gases for direct reduction are either hydrogen or natural gas with methane (CH 4 ) as the main constituent.

The iron and steel industry is a major emitter of global CO 2 emissions, responsible for approximately 7 to 9%. 1–3 Conventional blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) steelmaking process (73.2% share) emits about two tonnes of CO 2 per tonne of steelmaking due to the use of 800 kg of coal/t steel. 4,5 Direct reduced iron …

As a result, demand for direct reduction-grade (DR-grade) iron ore is set to rise. ... DRI steelmaking requires a higher grade of iron ore than blast furnaces, the dominant global process. DR-grade iron …

Iron ore direct reduction is an attractive alternative steelmaking process in the context of greenhouse gas mitigation. To simulate the process and explore possible optimization, we developed a systemic, multiscale process model. The reduction of the iron ore pellets is described using a specific grain model, reflecting the transformations …

The direct reduced iron (DRI) coupled with the electric arc furnace (EAF) production route, which represents ∼7% of the global steel output [6], is less carbon intense at ∼1000–1400 kgCO 2 /tLS [6], [7], and currently mostly deployed in regions with natural gas (NG) reserves to produce iron ore reducing syngas [8].

1. Introduction. Annually, 2.6 billion tons of iron ore (mostly hematite) are converted into steel by the integrated blast furnace (BF) and basic oxygen furnace (BOF) route [1], accounting for approximately 70% of the global steel production.The remaining 30% is realized by melting steel scraps and directly reduced iron (the latter is also …

Reduction with hydrogen, in the best case produced via renewable energies, is a future-minded alternative to commonly used fossil fuels. Direct reduction processes, which reduce iron ore to metallic iron without any liquid phase, especially have the possibility to use a high percentage of hydrogen in the reducing gas mixture.

Direct Reduced Iron (DRI): This iron production process directly reduces iron ore in solid-state with the reaction temperature below the melting point of iron. Reducing gases are produced from natural gas (gas-based DRI) or coal (coal-based DRI) called syngas, a mixture of H2 and CO.

It is designed to convert iron pellet/lump ore into metallic iron by the use of reducing gases in a solid-gas moving bed shaft furnace. O2 is removed from the iron ore by chemical reactions based on H2 and CO, for the production of highly metallized DRI. The schematic process flow of the direct reduction process is shown in Fig 1.

Gas-based direct reduction in a shaft furnace is the dominant process in the world for production of direct reduced iron. As fresh reducing gas passes through the iron ore burden, it is diluted by the gas emitted from the reacted iron ores which decreases the reduction potential of the reducing gas.

About 7% of global iron is produced as direct reduced iron (DRI) (also known as sponge iron) in a direct reduction furnace (DRF), an alternative to the BF route in which iron is reduced in the solid state by reacting lumps or pelletized iron ore concentrate with a mixture of H 2 and CO at temperatures of 800–1050 °C .

sources. All reduction steps in the DR route occur at temperatures less than the melting points of the solid charge; therefore, the reduction process occurs in a solid state. The MIDREX and HYL-ENRGIRON are two well-estab lished industrial processes using verti-cal shaft furnaces for the direct reduction of iron pellets [9].

Cleveland-Cliffs and other partners pioneered the process of pelletizing lower-grade iron ore in the 1950s, and pellets remain the basic iron feedstock for integrated blast furnace steel production in North America …

The direct reduction (DR) of iron ore, usually followed by electric ar c steelmaking, is an alternative. route to the standard, blast furnace, basic oxygen route for making steel. Annual DR iron ...

Direct reduction is the removal (reduction) of oxygen from iron ore in its solid state. This technology encompasses a broad group of processes based on different feedstocks, furnaces, reducing agents, etc. Natural gas (and in some cases coal) is used as a reducing agent to enable this process.

Direct reduction (DR) This is any process in which iron is extracted from ore at a temperature below the melting points of the materials involved. Gangue remains in the spongelike product, known as direct-reduced iron, or DRI, and must be removed in a subsequent steelmaking process. Only high-grade ores and pellets made from …